Islam set - Medical Philosophy in Islam: ıNOTES AND REFERENCESı

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Hadith Literature:

Sahih al-Bukhari, (Cairo, n.d.)

See
i) Kitab al-Marqa wat-Tibb, vol. 4, pp. 1-6, and

ii) Kitab at-Tibb, vol. 4, pp. 7-16

Sunan Ibn-Maja, Dar Ihya al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, vol. 2. See
Kitab at-Tibb pp. 1137-1174. 46 chapters are devoted to medicine.

Sunan Abi-Daud, Dar Ihya' as-Sunnat an-Nabawiyya, n.d. For dietetics see vol. 3, pp. 340-367, and vol. 4, for medicine (Kitab at-Tibb) see pp. 3-17.

Musnad Ahmad b. Hanbal, Al-Maktab al-Islami, (Beirut, n.d.) For at-Tibb see book three in vol. 3, pp. 495-500 and for medicine (Adwiyya) pl. see vol. 4, pp. 3-6.

Al-Muatta', (Imam Malik b. Anas), Dar Ihya al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, n.d. For drinks and intoxicating materials see Kitab al-Ashriba, pp. 842-846.

Sunan ad-Darimi, Dar al-Mahasin, (Cairo, 1966). For intoxicating drinks see vol. 2, pp. 36-47.

Jami, at-Tirmidhi, (Nual Kishor, Lucknow n.d.) pp. 249-254.

Mishkat al-Masabih, Eng. Tr. by F. Karim, (Lahore n.d.) Book 11. Especially Chapter IX, pp. 68-100 on medicine. Also refer to chapter XI on manners of eating, food, drink, hygienic rules, unlawful and lawful food etc. The stress laid on general hygienic rules (Tahara) in Islam is obvious from the Hadith when the Prophet said that Tahara and Nazafa (Cleanliness) are parts of Iman (faith) (Shu-'batan minal-Iman). The books of Ahadith generally start with Kitab at-Tahara (cleanliness), which is essential for Salat (prayer) etc., when a man meets his Creator five times a day.

2. Raf'al-'Ajaja-'an Sunan ibn-Maja, (Siddiqi Press, Lahore, n.d.) vol. 3, p. 92.
3. Baihaqi, Fi Sha'b al-Iman, (Assah al-Matabi', Delhi, n.d.) vol. 2, p. 485.

4. Ibid.

5. 'An-Sunan b. Maja op. cit., vol. 3, p. 103.

6. Baihaqi, op. cit., p. 390.

7. 'An-Sunan, op. cit. pp. 120-21.

8. S.A.R. Hamdani, Notable Muslim Names in Medical Sciences, (Ferozsons Ltd., Karachi, n.d.) p. 5.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. J.R. Russel, History and Heroes of the Art of Medicine, (London, 1861) p. 97.

12. Cyril Elgood, A Medical History of Persian and Eastern Caliphate, (Cambridge, 1951), p. 33. This is his masterly study of Islamic medicine. See also Khair-Allah and Haddad's article, 'Study of Arab Hospitals in the Light of Present Day Standardization' in the Bulletin of American College of Surgeons, Sept. 1936.

13. Hamdani, op. cit., p. 9.

14. H. Nayyar Wasty, Muslim Contribution to Medicine, (Lahore, 1962) p. 6.

15. Ibid, p. 8.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid, p. 9.

19. Ibid, pp. 9-10.

20. Jirji Zaidan, Tarikh at-Tamaddun al-Islami, (Beirut, n.d.) vol. 2, p. 80.

21. Haji Khalifa, Kashf az-Zunun, (Istanbul, 1941) vol. 1, p. 581.

22.Ibn-Qayyim, zad al-Ma'ad, (Cairo, 1928) vol. 3, p. 7.

23. Jirji Zaidan, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 183. It must be borne in mind that Jirji Zaidan was not quite favourable to Islam and often was no different from the Orientalists.

24. Ash-Shaukani, 'Ain al-Autar, (Cairo, 1952) vol. 8, p. 216.

25. H.N. Wasty, op. cit., pp. 11-12.

26. Jirji Zaidan, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 146.

27. Ibid, vol. 2, p. 8.

28. H.N. Wasty, op. cit., p. 12.

29. Ibid.

30. Manfred Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, (Edinburgh University Press, 1978) p. 41.

31. Ibid, p. 45.

32. Ibid, pp. 41-54.

33. Ibid, p. 50.

34. Ibid, p. 54.

35. S.A.R. Hamdani, op. cit., pp. 11-12.

36. C. Elgood, op. cit., p. 237.

37. Ibid, p. 67.

38. S.A.R. Hamdani, op. cit., p. 13. Please also see George Sarton, 'Introduction to the History of Science,' vol. 2 (Book 11, Chapt. XVII). Dealing with education and the birth of European Universities (p. 350) he introduces the newly founded Universities, such as, Salerno (p. 351), Bologna (p. 351), Paris (p. 351), Montpellier (p. 352) and Oxford (p. 352).

39. The Modern Encyclopaedia, ed. A.H. Macdonnald (editor-in-chief of the Encyclopaedia Americano, New York, WMH). Wise and Company, 1933, p. 374.

Hellenism: Hellen in Greek legend was the most beautiful woman of Greece, daughter of Zeus by Leda. Her numerous suitors were bound under oath to respect her choice of a husband and to maintain it even by arms. She chose Menelaus, but was afterwards carried off to Troy by Paris, the Trojan War arising from the claim made by Menelaus for the fulfilment of the oath. After the death of Paris she married his brother Deiphobus. On the fall of Troy she returned to Sparta with Menelaus, but at his death was driven from the country and was murdered at Rhodes by the queen of that island.

40. Chambers' Encyclopaedia, (George Newess Ltd., 1959) vol. 1, p. 246.

41. The Modern Encyclopaedia, op. cit., p. 30. The Orientalists assert that the Library of Alexandria was burnt by the orders of Hadrat 'Umar the second Caliph of Islam, but the Encyclopaedia, a major Western reference furnishes contrary evidential records in regard to the burning of the Library.

42. Chambers' Encyclopaedia, op. cit., vol. 6, p. 245 (Suppl. Information, 1963).

43. Ibid, vol. 1. For details see pp. 246-247.

44. Ibid, vol. 7, p. 111.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid. Please also see G. Sarton, op. cit. ('Introduction to the History of science'), vol. 1, chap. IV, pp. 81-110. He deals with the time of the two Hippocrates (5th Century B.C.).

48. Ibid, vol. 6, p. 148.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid. G. Sarton's vol. 1, chap. XVI where he deals with the time of Galen (2nd half of the Second Century), pp. 288-313.

51. Manfred Ullmann, op. cit., p. XI.

52. Ibid, p. 1.

53. Ibid, p. 1-20.

54. Ibid, pp. 20-30.

55. Ibid, pp. 30-40.

56. Ibid, pp. 41-54.

57. Ibid, pp. 55- 71.

58. Ibid, pp. 72-85.

59. Ibid, pp. 86-96.

60. Ibid, pp. 97-106.

61. Ibid, pp. 107-116.

62. S.A.R. Hamdani, op. cit., p. 3.

63. Ibid, p. 5. The author cites from 'The Making of Humanity', p. 191.

64. Ibid, p. 7.

65. Ibid, p. 2. The author cites Philip Hitti's 'The Arabs' (Ed. 1950).

66. Mehdi Nakosteen, History of Islamic Origins of Western Education (800-1350), (University of Colorado Press, 1964), p.7.

67. S.H. Nasr, Science and Civilization, (New American Library, 1970) pp. 184-85.

68. Ibid, pp. 189-90.

69. Ibid, p. 191.

70. Ibid, p. 171.

71. Ibid, pp. 94-95.

72. Ibid, pp. 197-200. The author cites this case from the 'Chahar Maqala'.

73. Ibid, pp. 200-204.

74. Ibid, 206-207. The author cites ar-Razi extensively.

75. Ibid, p. 209.

76. Ibid, pp. 215-16.

77. Ibid, 216-17.

78. Arthur Kenneth Walker, The Story of Medicine, (London, 1954) p.85.

79. Ibid, p. 86.

80. C. Elgood, op. cit., p. 209.

81. S.A.R. Hamdani, op. cit., p. 2, cited by the author.

Note: George Sarton, Alfred Leod (b. 1884) is regarded as one of the world authorities on the history of science. His magnum opus 'Introduction to the History of Science', (Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1953) is a universally acknowledged work. It is a panoramic survey of science and intellectual progress of the world. Volume 1 covers-the period from Homer to 'Umar Khaiy'am (839 pages). Chapters IV-XVI deal with Greek sciences and chapters XXVIII-XXXXIV cover Islamic sciences. The author deals with Jabir B. Haiyan, al-Khwarizmi, ar.Razi, al-Mas'udi, Abu-'l Wafa, al-Biruni and 'Umar Khaiyam (pp. 520-783). In volumes 2 and 3 (Parts 1 and 2), Islamic sciences are discussed. On medicine the following chapters may be consulted for general information:

Vol. 2 (Part 1: (1931), chap. X is on medicine (pp. 229-248). Here the author deals with Western Muslim contribution (pp. 229-233), as well as with the Eastern Muslim contribution (p. 234). He also deals with Jewish, Byzantine, Latin, Hindu and Chinese contributions. In book II (chap. XXV), he also deals with medicine (pp. 430-443), namely, with Western and Eastern Muslim contributions. (p. 430).

Vol. 2 (Part 2: (Book III), also deals with medicine. (Chap. XXXVIII), such as translation from Arabic into Latin (p. 653) etc. Chap. LII is again devoted to medicine (pp. 1076-1104). It generally deals with Christian medical sciences.

Vol. 3 (Part 1), delineates the first half of the XIV century Chapter XI is devoted to medicine (pp. 834-910).

Part 2 of vol. 3 is devoted to the second half of the XIV century. Medicine receives attention in chap. XXV (pp. 1650-1733).